Assoc. Prof. Kadir Ömür Günseren

Robotic surgery is performed by inserting the arms, guided by the surgeon from the console head, into the abdominal or pelvic cavity through small incisions. The image is enlarged and three-dimensional. The wrist movement of the tools rotates at wider angles than the human hand.

In urology, this method is used especially in prostate, kidney and bladder surgery. The aim is to preserve the nerve and muscle structures responsible for urinary retention and sexual function as much as possible while removing the tumor tissue.

It is not suitable for every patient. Previous abdominal surgeries, the spread of the tumor, the patient's heart and lung condition, and anesthesia endurance affect the decision. The choice of method is determined together with the patient after preoperative imaging and evaluation.

Urinary system stones are treated with different methods depending on their size and location. Small stones often pass on their own. During this period, plenty of fluid intake and pain control may be sufficient.

Endoscopic methods are used for stones that do not pass or block the kidney. Ureterorenoscopy allows the stone to be accessed with a thin optical device advanced through the urinary tract. Flexible devices are preferred in upper system stones because they can reach the kidney cells. The stone is broken with a laser and its pieces are removed.

After the procedure, a temporary stent may be placed to relieve urine flow. Examining the structure of the stone helps plan individual recommendations to prevent recurrence.

Stone disease tends to recur. Therefore, follow-up is important after the stone is passed or removed. The first step is to examine the structure of the removed stone, because the preventive approach is different in calcium, uric acid and cystine stones.

Increasing daily fluid intake is a common recommendation for almost all types of stones. The goal is to keep the urine light in color. Reducing salt consumption, balancing the amount of animal protein and weight control are also evaluated.

In those with a history of recurrent stones, metabolic evaluation is performed with blood and urine tests. Underlying causes such as parathyroid disease or urinary tract infection are investigated. Monitoring intervals are planned according to the type of stone.