Dr. Tuncay Özgünay

Most bladder tumors are initially removed by transurethral resection through the urinary tract. This procedure is both the first step of treatment and the basis of diagnosis and staging. The removed tissue is examined pathologically.

In some patients, a second resection is planned shortly after the first resection. The aim is to detect foci that were missed in the first procedure and to determine more reliably whether the tumor has reached the bladder muscle. This information changes the direction of treatment.

In superficial tumors, drug administration into the bladder may be considered after the procedure. Monitoring is continued with cystoscopy and urine examination at regular intervals. Quitting smoking is recommended to reduce the risk of relapse.

Varicocele is a condition that occurs when the testicular veins expand and is more common on the left side. It does not cause symptoms in most people. In some people, there is a feeling of fullness or a dull pain that increases with standing.

Diagnosis is made by examination. It is supported by color Doppler ultrasound when necessary. In the evaluation, not only the width of the vein, but also testicular dimensions and, if necessary, sperm examination are taken into consideration.

Not every varicocele requires treatment. Surgery is considered if pain persists, testicular development is lagging, or there is difficulty conceiving accompanied by deterioration in sperm parameters. The decision is made by considering the couple's situation as a whole.

In laparoscopic surgery, the kidney is accessed with a camera and instruments inserted through several small incisions on the abdominal wall. Removal of all or part of the kidney can be done with this method.

Before the surgery, the vascular structure of the kidney and the location of the mass are examined in detail by tomography or magnetic resonance. The function of the other kidney is also evaluated, because it depends on how the kidney functions will progress after surgery.

The method may not be suitable for every patient. Previous abdominal surgeries, the size of the mass and its relationship with neighboring structures, and the patient's endurance affect the decision. In inappropriate cases, open surgery is preferred. This decision may also change during surgery.